{"id":8600,"date":"2025-01-27T15:09:27","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T15:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/how-do-i-recognize-a-venous-circulatory-disorder\/"},"modified":"2026-04-21T15:55:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T15:55:39","slug":"durchblutungsstoerung-erkennen-venenzentrum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/durchblutungsstoerung-erkennen-venenzentrum\/","title":{"rendered":"How do I recognize a venous circulatory disorder?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venous circulatory disorders affect the ability of the veins to efficiently transport blood from the legs to the heart. This can be caused by defective venous valves, blood clots, or chronic diseases such as <\/span><b>Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> arise. Symptoms such as swelling, varicose veins, pain, numbness, and tingling are early warning signs. In this article, you will learn everything about symptoms, causes, diagnostics, and <a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/venenkleber-venaseal\/\">modern treatment methods such as<\/a> <\/span><b>VenaSeal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and preventive measures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are venous circulatory disorders?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A venous circulatory disorder occurs when the backflow of blood to the heart is obstructed. This backflow can lead to increased pressure on the veins, which promotes the <a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/krampfadern-entfernen\/\">development of varicose veins<\/a>, swelling, and, in the long term, skin changes or ulcers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most common cause is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which according to studies affects around <\/span><b>10-15% of adults worldwide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is diagnosed [1]. Impaired circulation can also increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism [2].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Symptoms of a venous circulatory disorder<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The symptoms vary depending on the severity and stage of the disease. If detected early, a venous disorder can be effectively treated to avoid complications.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early symptoms:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Feeling of heaviness and tiredness in the legs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Especially after prolonged standing or sitting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pain:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Usually dull, pulling or pressing, especially in the calves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Swelling:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Evening swelling in the ankle area, which decreases overnight, is typical.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tingling or numbness:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Due to insufficient blood drainage, the nerves can become irritated, which manifests as tingling or numbness. This often occurs in the feet or toes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Feeling of coldness in the limbs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Despite normal ambient temperature, the legs or feet feel cold.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><picture class=\"wp-picture-7182\" style=\"display: contents;\"><source type=\"image\/avif\" srcset=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-1024x683-jpg.avif 1024w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-250x167-jpg.avif 250w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-768x512-jpg.avif 768w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-jpg.avif 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ab9d99\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ab9d99;\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-7182 aligncenter not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze.jpg\" alt=\"Causes-of-water-retention-with-heat-swollen-feet\" width=\"875\" height=\"583\" title=\"\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27875%27%20height%3D%27583%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20875%20583%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27875%27%20height%3D%27583%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-250x167.jpg 250w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Ursachen-von-Wassereinlagerungen-bei-Hitze.jpg 1200w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\" \/><\/picture><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced symptoms:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Varicose veins (varicosis):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Visible, tortuous veins that are often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skin changes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dark discoloration, thickening or inflammation of the skin, especially around the ankles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Atrophie blanche:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> White, scar-like areas that indicate a reduced blood supply.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Poorly healing wounds<a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/phlebology\/ulcus-cruris-cvi\/\">(leg ulcers<\/a>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chronic ulcers on the lower legs caused by persistent blood stasis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sudden, severe pain and swelling:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> May indicate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and require immediate medical attention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A comprehensive study by Meissner et al. (2007) showed that tingling and numbness occur as an early sign in 20% of patients with CVI [3].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Causes and risk factors of venous circulatory disorders<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary causes:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Varicose veins:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Most common cause due to defective venous valves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chronic venous insufficiency<a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/phlebology\/chronische-venoese-insuffizienz-cvi\/\">(CVI<\/a>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Progressive disease in which the blood flow is impaired in the long term.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Blockage due to blood clots.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondary causes:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lack of exercise:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prolonged sitting or standing reduces venous return.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pregnancy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Increased pressure on the veins due to the growing child.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Obesity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Strains the leg veins and increases pressure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Smoking:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Damages the vascular walls and promotes inflammatory processes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hormonal changes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> For example, due to taking birth control pills.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk factors:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Age:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The risk of venous disorders increases with age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Genetic predisposition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A family history increases the likelihood of varicose veins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a WHO report, 50% of all cases are due to lack of exercise and obesity [4].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diagnosis of venous circulatory disorders<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent serious complications. The most important examination methods include<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Clinical examination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Assessment of <a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/krampfadern-entfernen\/\">visible varicose veins<\/a>, skin changes and swelling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Doppler and duplex sonography:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> High-frequency ultrasound to visualize blood flow and detect reflux or thrombosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Photoplethysmography<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Licht-Reflexions-Rheographie#:~:text=Das%20opto%2Delektronische%20Messverfahren%20Licht,und%20deren%20Venenklappen%20gepr%C3%BCft%20wird.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PPG<\/a>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A non-invasive method that measures how quickly the veins empty after movement. Particularly helpful in assessing the severity of venous insufficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>ABI measurement (ankle-brachial index):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Test to differentiate between venous and arterial circulatory problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>CEAP classification:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Classification of the disease into stages from C0 (no visible signs) to C6 (open ulcer).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A study by Rabe et al. (2016) confirms that the combination of duplex sonography and PPG achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 92% [5].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern therapies for venous circulatory disorders<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>VenaSeal <a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/venenkleber-venaseal\/\">(vein glue<\/a>):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A minimally invasive method in which a medical adhesive is used to close the defective vein. This leads to a redirection of blood into healthy veins.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No need for compression stockings after treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shorter recovery time compared to thermal procedures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High success rate (over 95%) according to Gibson et al. (2017) [6].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Radiofrequency ablation<a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/krampfadern-behandlungen\/\">(RFA<\/a>):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heat treatment to close the affected vein.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Endovenous laser therapy<a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/venenzentrum-leistungen\/krampfadern-behandlungen\/\">(EVLA<\/a>):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laser energy is used to thermally seal the vein.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Compression therapy:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promotes venous return and reduces swelling.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Treatment of leg ulcers:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Wound care:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cleaning and special wound dressings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Compression therapy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To relieve pressure and support healing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevention of venous circulatory disorders<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To minimize the risk, experts recommend<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Regular exercise:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promotes venous return.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weight control:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reduces the strain on the leg veins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stop smoking:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Protects the blood vessels from inflammation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Keep your legs elevated:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reduces pressure and swelling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Compression stockings:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Especially for risk factors such as long journeys or pregnancy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><picture class=\"wp-picture-8429\" style=\"display: contents;\"><source type=\"image\/avif\" srcset=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-jpg.avif 1200w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-1024x517-jpg.avif 1024w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-768x388-jpg.avif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\"><img data-dominant-color=\"87756b\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #87756b;\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-8429 size-full aligncenter not-transparent\" src=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin.jpg\" alt=\"young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexual-health-in-berlin-How do I recognize a venous circulatory disorder?\" width=\"1200\" height=\"606\" title=\"\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271200%27%20height%3D%27606%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201200%20606%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271200%27%20height%3D%27606%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-200x101.jpg 200w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-250x126.jpg 250w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-400x202.jpg 400w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-540x272.jpg 540w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-600x303.jpg 600w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-768x388.jpg 768w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-800x404.jpg 800w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin-1024x517.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/venaziel.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/young-sporty-man-jogging-through-city-streets-for-healthy-veins-and-sexual-health-sexuelle-gesundheit-in-berlin.jpg 1200w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/picture><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When should you see a doctor?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See a vascular specialist urgently if:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sudden, severe pain or swelling in one leg<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occur in one leg (suspected DVT).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Numbness or tingling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> last longer or become stronger.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Poorly healing wounds or skin changes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> become visible.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion: VenaZiel &#8211; your expert for venous health<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venous circulatory disorders can cause serious complications if left untreated. Early diagnostics and modern therapies such as <\/span><b>VenaSeal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>RFA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>EVLA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> enable effective treatment and a significant improvement in your quality of life.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">References:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robertson, L., &amp; Evans, C. (2014). Epidemiology of Chronic Venous Disease. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phlebology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meissner, M. H., &amp; Gloviczki, P. (2007). Venous Disorders: Pathophysiology and Management. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Vascular Surgery<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gibson, K., &amp; Ferris, B. (2017). Cyanoacrylate Closure for Varicose Veins: Long-Term Results. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Health Organization (2021). Physical Inactivity and Chronic Diseases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rabe, E. et al. (2016). Clinical Significance of Duplex Ultrasound and PPG in Venous Insufficiency.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Angiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wittens, C. et al. (2015). Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Venous Disease.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eberhardt, R. T., &amp; Raffetto, J. D. (2014). Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Current Management and Treatment. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circulation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lurie, F., &amp; Passman, M. A. (2018). Advances in Treatment of Venous Diseases. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of the American College of Surgeons<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact us <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/kontakt\/\"><b>VenaZiel Vein Center Berlin<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for a comprehensive diagnosis and personal consultation!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Venous circulatory disorders affect the ability of the veins to<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8595,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[109,49,48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thrombosis","category-varicose-veins","category-vein-center"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8600"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49324,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8600\/revisions\/49324"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8595"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/venaziel.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}